Vambraces (sometimes known as lower cannons in the Middle Ages) are "tubular" or "gutter" defenses for the forearm, developed first in the ancient world mainly by the Romans, but only formally named during the early 14th century, as part of a suit of
plate armour. They were made of either
leather, sometimes reinforced with longitudinal strips of hardened hide or metal (a crafting method named "
splinted armour"), or from a single piece of worked steel and worn with other pieces of
armour. Vambraces are generally called forearm guards, with or without separate
couters.
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