The Twin Earth thought experiment was presented by
philosopher Hilary Putnam in his important 1973 paper "Meaning and Reference" and subsequent 1975 paper "The Meaning of 'Meaning'", as an early argument for what has subsequently come to be known as
semantic externalism. Since that time, philosophers have proposed a number of variations on this particular
thought experiment, which can be collectively referred to as Twin Earth thought experiments.
Edmund Husserl developed a similar thought experiment nearly 70 years earlier.
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