turbulence
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Turbulence
In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic and stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time.  Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman described turbulence as "the most important unsolved problem of classical physics." Flow in which the kinetic energy dies out due to the action of fluid molecular viscosity is called laminar flow. While there is no theorem relating the non-dimensional Reynolds number (Re) to turbulence, flows at Reynolds numbers larger than 100000 are typically (but not necessarily) turbulent, while those at low Reynolds numbers usually remain laminar. In Poiseuille flow, for example, turbulence can first be sustained if the Reynolds number is larger than a critical value of about 2040; moreover, the turbulence is generally interspersed with laminar flow until a larger Reynolds number of about 3000. In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag. Although laminar-turbulent transition is not governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased.

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Turbulence
Turbulence ist ein US-amerikanischer Thriller von Robert Butler aus dem Jahr 1997.

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Turbulenz
Turbulenz (lat.: turbare = drehen, beunruhigen, verwirren) ist die räumlich und zeitlich ungeordnete Strömung eines Gases oder einer Flüssigkeit.

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Turbulence
La turbulence désigne l'état d'un fluide, liquide ou gaz, dans lequel la vitesse présente en tout point un caractère tourbillonnaire : tourbillons dont la taille, la localisation et l'orientation varient constamment. Les écoulements turbulents se caractérisent donc par une apparence très désordonnée, un comportement difficilement prévisible et l'existence de nombreuses échelles spatiales et temporelles. De tels écoulements apparaissent lorsque la source d'énergie cinétique qui met le fluide en mouvement est relativement intense devant les forces de viscosité que le fluide oppose pour se déplacer. À l'inverse, on appelle laminaire le caractère d'un écoulement régulier.

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Turbulens
Uppslagsordet Turbulent leder hit. För fartyget, se HMS Turbulent.

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Turbulencja
Turbulencja, przepływ burzliwy - w mechanice ośrodków ciągłychreologii i aerodynamice - określenie bardzo skomplikowanego, nielaminarnego ruchu płynów. Ogólniej termin ten oznacza złożone zachowanie dowolnego układu fizycznego, czasem zachowanie chaotyczne. Ruch turbulentny płynu przejawia się w występowaniu wirów, zjawisku oderwania strugi, zjawisku mieszania. Dziedzinami nauki, które analizują zjawiska związane z turbulencją, są: hydrodynamikaaerodynamika i reologia. Model matematyczny turbulencji próbuje się tworzyć na bazie teorii układów dynamicznych i teorii chaosu.

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