In
medicine, titration is the process of gradually adjusting the dose of a medication until the desired effect is achieved.Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative/
chemical analysis which can be used to determine the
concentration of a known
reactant. Because volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis. A
reagent, called the titrant, of known concentration (a
standard solution) and
volume is used to react with a solution of the
analyte, whose concentration is not known in advance. Using a calibrated
burette to add the titrant, it is possible to determine the exact amount that has been consumed when the endpoint is reached. The endpoint is the point at which the titration is complete, as determined by an indicator (see below). This is ideally the same volume as the equivalence point - the volume of added titrant at which the number of
moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in
polyprotic acids). In the classic strong acid-strong base titration the endpoint of a titration is when the pH of the reactant is just about equal to 7, and often when the solution permanently changes color due to an
indicator. There are however many different types of titrations (see below).
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A plot that summarizes data collected in a
titration . A linear titration curve plots moles of analyte (or, some quantity proportional to moles of analyte) on the Y axis, and the volume of
titrant added on the X axis. Nonlinear plots use the log of the concentration of the analyte instead. Nonlinear titration curves are often used for neutralization titrations (pH vs. mL NaOH solution). Logs are used to exaggerate the rate of change of concentration on the plot, so that the
endpoint can be determined from the point of maximal slope.
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