Therapeutic community is a term applied to a participative, group-based approach to long-term
mental illness and/or
drug addiction that includes
group psychotherapy as well as practical activities, and which may or may not be residential with the clients and therapists living together. The term may have first been used in the 1940s by
Harry Stack Sullivan, but the modern community was pioneered by Tom Main, Maxwell Jones,
R. D. Laing and the
Philadelphia Association,
David Cooper and Villa 21 and Joshua Bierer, and gained some reputation for success in rehabilitation and patient satisfaction in
Britain and abroad. The availability of the treatment on the
National Health Service has recently been threatened because of changes in funding systems. In Britain, 'democratic analytic' therapeutic communities specialise in the treatment of moderate to severe personality disorders and complex emotional and interpersonal problems. The evolution of therapeutic communities in the United States followed a different path with hierarchically arranged communities (or concept houses) specialising in the treatment of drug and alcohol dependence.
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