Textual criticism or lower criticism is a branch of
philology or
bibliography that is concerned with the identification and removal of errors from
texts and
manuscripts. Ancient manuscripts often have errors or alterations made by scribes, who copied the manuscripts by hand. The textual critic seeks to determine the original text of a document or a collection of documents, which the critic believes to come as close as possible to a lost original (called the
archetype), or some other version of a text as it existed — or was intended to exist — in the past.
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