rule of law

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Rule of law
The rule of law, in its most basic form, is the principle that no one is above the law. The rule follows logically from the idea that truth, and therefore law, is based upon fundamental principles which can be discovered, but which cannot be created through an act of will. Perhaps the most important application of the rule of law is the principle that governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedural steps that are referred to as due process. The principle is intended to be a safeguard against arbitrary governance, whether by a totalitarian leader or by mob rule. Thus, the rule of law is hostile both to dictatorship and to anarchy.  Samuel Rutherford was one of the first modern authors to give the principle theoretical foundations, in Lex, Rex (1644), and later Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws (1748).
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État de droit
L’état de droit est une situation juridique, ou un système institutionnel, dans lequel chacun est soumis au respect du droit, du simple individu jusqu'à la puissance publique .
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Rechtsstaat
Ein Rechtsstaat ist ein Staat, in dem die öffentliche Gewalt an eine in ihren Grundzügen unabänderliche und im Ganzen auf Dauer angelegte objektive Wert- und Rechtsordnung gebunden ist. Im Gegensatz zum absolutistischen Staat wird die Macht des Staates umfassend durch Gesetze determiniert, um die Bürger vor Willkür zu schützen (formeller Rechtsstaatsbegriff). Ein Rechtsstaat moderner Prägung ist darüber hinaus auf die Herstellung und Erhaltung eines materiell gerechten Zustands gerichtet (materieller Rechtsstaatsbegriff). Objektive Wertentscheidungen haben – anders als subjektive Rechte des Einzelnen – die Funktion einer Begrenzung der Gesetzgebung durch festgeschriebene Prinzipien.
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Praworzadnosc
Praworządność - zasada przestrzegania prawa przez organy państwa.Pojęcie praworządności, według dominującego stanowiska nauki prawa, dotyczy wyłącznie przestrzegania prawa przez organy władzy publicznej, natomiast nie odnosi się do zachowań obywateli. Wiąże się ono z kwalifikacją prawną władczych działań organów władzy, zarówno w sferze stanowienia, jak i stosowania prawa.
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Stato di diritto
La locuzione stato di diritto traduce l'originaria espressione tedesca "Rechtsstaat", coniata dalla dottrina giuridica tedesca nel XIX secolo. Fondamento di questa forma di Stato è la salvaguardia della supremazia del diritto e delle connesse libertà dell'uomo. Il concetto dello stato di diritto presuppone che l'agire dello Stato sia sempre vincolato e conforme alle leggi vigenti: dunque lo Stato sottopone sé stesso al rispetto delle norme di diritto, e questo avviene tramite una Costituzione scritta. Il concetto di stato di diritto si esplica in due nozioni: lo stato di diritto in senso formale e lo stato di diritto in senso materiale.
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