Reverse osmosis is a separation process that uses pressure to force a
solvent through a
membrane that retains the
solute on one side and allows the pure
solvent to pass to the other side. More formally, it is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the
osmotic pressure. This is the reverse of the normal
osmosis process, which is the natural movement of
solvent from an area of low solute concentration, through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration when no external pressure is applied. The membrane here is
semipermeable, meaning it allows the passage of solvent but not of solute.
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A treatment process used in water systems by adding pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis removes most drinking water contaminants. Also used in wastewater treatment. Large-scale reverse osmosis plants are being developed.
Compare with
osmosis .Solvent molecules flow spontaneously from a dilute solution through a
semipermeable membrane to a more concentrated solution (osmosis). In reverse osmosis, pressure is applied to the more concentrated solution to force the flow of solvent to go from more concentrated to more dilute solution. Reverse osmosis is used to produce fresh water from sea water.