Quality in everyday life and business, engineering and manufacturing has a
pragmatic interpretation as the non-inferiority, superiority or
usefulness of something. This is the most common interpretation of the term.Many different techniques and concepts have evolved to improve product or service quality, including
SPC,
Zero Defects,
Six Sigma, Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award,
quality circles,
TQM,
Theory of Constraints (TOC),
Quality Management Systems (
ISO 9000 and others) and
continuous improvement.The meaning for the term quality has developed over time. Various interpretations are given below:
ISO 9000 - "Degree to which a set of inherent characteristic fulfills requirements" (
Philip B. Crosby in the
1980s)- "Conformance to requirements". The difficulty with this is that the requirements may not fully represent
customer expectations; Crosby treats this as a separate problem.(
Joseph M. Juran).- "Fitness for use". Fitness is defined by the customer.(
Noriaki Kano and others)- A two-dimensional model of quality. The quality has two dimensions: "must-be quality" and "attractive quality". The former is near to the "fitness for use" and the latter is what the customer would love, but has not yet thought about. Supporters characterize this model more succinctly as: "
Products and
services that meet or exceed customers' expectations".(
Gerald M. Weinberg)- "
Value to some person". (
W. Edwards Deming)- "Quality and the Required Style of Management" 1988 See
http://www.deming.org/. "Costs go down and productivity goes up, as improvement of quality is accomplished by better management of design, engineering, testing and by improvement of processes. Better quality at lower price has a chance to capture a market. Cutting costs without improvement of quality is futile." (
Genichi Taguchi). "The loss a product imposes on society after it is shipped". Taguchi's definition of quality is based on a more comprehensive view of the production system.
Energy quality, associated with both the energy engineering of industrial systems and the qualitative differences in the trophic levels of an ecosystem.One key distinction to make is there are two common applications of the term Quality as form of activity or function within a business. One is Quality Assurance which is the "prevention of defects", such as the deployment of a Quality Management System and preventative activities like FMEA. The other is Quality Control which is the "detection of defects", most commonly associated with testing which takes place within a Quality Management System typically referred to as Verification and Validation.
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Uważa się, że po raz pierwszy pojęcie jakość (
gr. poiotes) zdefiniował
Platon jako "pewien stopień doskonałości". Było to wówczas pojęcie filozoficzne i jako takie pozostało do czasów współczesnych. W licznych sporach ustalono jedynie, że jakość posiada cechy obiektywne, mierzalne, jak masa i kształt, oraz subiektywne, oceniane przez każdego inaczej, jak barwa lub zapach. Cyceron tworząc łaciński termin filozoficzny dla określenia greckiego pojęcia, wprowadził słowo qualitas, które przeszło do niektórych języków romańskich i germańskich jako: włoskie - qualita, francuskie - qualite, niemieckie - die Qualitat, angielskie - quality.
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