proto-language

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Proto-language
A proto-language is a language which was the common ancestor of related languages that form a language family. The German term Ursprache (derived from the prefix Ur- "primordial" and Sprache "language") is occasionally used as well.In most cases, the ancestral proto-language is not known directly and it has to be reconstructed by comparing different members of the language family via a technique called the comparative method. Through this process only a part of the proto-language's structure and vocabulary can be reconstructed; the reconstruction remains the more fragmentary the more ancient the proto-language in question relative to the number of its descendants. Examples of unattested but (partially) reconstructed proto-languages include Proto-Indo-EuropeanProto-UralicProto-Bantu and Proto-Paman. Sometimes, however, the proto-language is a language which is known from inscriptions, an example being the Proto-Norse language attested in the Elder Futhark runic inscriptions, or very well-known, such as Latin (ancestor of the Romance Languages).
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Proto-langue
Une proto-langue ou langue reconstruite, est une reconstruction probable d'une langue à l'origine d'un groupe de langues, d'une branche ou d'une famille ; basée sur les racines communes à chaque langue.
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Protosprache
Als Proto-, Grund- oder Ursprache bezeichnet man in der Linguistik eine nur durch vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft erschlossene angenommene Urform einer Gruppe genetisch verwandter Sprachen. Die Ursprache einer Sprachfamilie ist in der Regel nur aus dem Vergleich der Einzelsprachen zu rekonstruieren (z.B. das Proto-Indogermanische aus den indogermanischen Einzelsprachen.) Es gibt auch Ausnahmen: so ist das Lateinische als Ursprache der romanischen Sprachen sehr gut überliefert.
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Prajezyk
Prajęzyk - wspólny przodek rodziny językowej, najczęściej nie zaświadczony bezpośrednio, ale częściowo zrekonstruowany za pomocą metody porównawczej.
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祖語
祖語(そご)とは、比較言語学の極めて基本的かつ重要な概念のひとつ。互いに関連のある言語を歴史的に遡っていくとある時点でひとつの言語となるが、その言語のことを祖語 Proto-language という。原言語と称される場合も若干見られるが、source-languageなのか、proto-languageであるかの区別を行う為に、祖語と呼ばれることが多い。インド・ヨーロッパ語族(印欧語族)の祖語は「印欧祖語」、インド・ヨーロッパ語族ゲルマン語派に属する言語の祖語は「ゲルマン祖語」と呼ばれる。
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