polite
adj.
courteous, having good manners; gentle, genial, kind
Politeness
Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good
manners or
etiquette. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and what is considered polite in one
culture can often be quite rude or simply strange in another.While the goal of politeness is to make all of the parties relaxed and comfortable with one another, these culturally defined standards at times may be manipulated to inflict
shame on a designated party.Sociolinguists Penelope Brown and
Stephen Levinson identified two kinds of politeness, deriving from
Erving Goffman's concept of
face:Negative politeness: Making a request less infringing, such as "If you don't mind..." or "If it isn't too much trouble..."; respects a person's right to act freely. In other words, deference. There is a greater use of indirect
speech acts. Positive politeness: Seeks to establish a positive relationship between parties; respects a person's need to be liked and understood. Direct speech acts,
swearing and flouting
Grice's maxims can be considered aspects of positive politeness because:they show an awareness that the relationship is strong enough to cope with what would normally be considered impolite (in the popular understanding of the term);they articulate an awareness of the other person's values, which fulfils the person's desire to be accepted.
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polire
v.
polish, brush, buff, make glossy
Polite
(v.)
Smooth; polished.
(v.)
Smooth and refined in behavior or manners; well bred; courteous; complaisant; obliging; civil.
(v.)
Characterized by refinement, or a high degree of finish; as, polite literature.
(v. t.)
To polish; to refine; to render polite.
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913), edited by Noah Porter.
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Marcus
polite; shining
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (1869) , by Roswell D. Hitchcock.
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