The Pa-O (; ; also known as Taungthu and Black Karen) form an ethnic group in Myanmar, comprising of approximately 600,000. The Pa-O form the second largest ethnic group in
Shan State, and are classified as part of the "Shan National Race" by the government, although they are believed to be of Tibeto-Burman stock, and are ethnolinguistically related to the
Karen. They populate Shan State,
Kayin State, and
Kayah State. The Pa-O settled in the
Thaton region of present-day Myanmar about 1000 B.C. Historically, the Pa-O wore colorful clothing, until
King Anawratha defeated the Mon King Makuta, who had established his reign in Thaton. The Pa-O were enslaved, and forced to wear indigo-dyed clothing, to signify their status. However, there are regional variations of clothing among the Pa-O. Many have adopted
Bamar clothing, while men may wear
Shan baung-mi (long baggy pants). The majority of Pa-O are
Buddhists, but a written language was created by Christian missionaries. The Pa-O predominantly engage in agriculture, cultivating leaves of the
thanapet tree and
mustard leaves. The Pa-O have largely assimilated into Bamar society, adopting many Bamar traditions and wearing Bamar clothing.
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