morality

Morality (from the Latin  "manner, character, proper behaviour") has three principal meanings. In its first descriptive usage, morality means a code of conduct held to be authoritative in matters of right and wrong, whether by society, philosophy, religion, or individual conscience. In its second normative and universal sense, morality refers to an ideal code of conduct, one which would be espoused in preference to alternatives by all rational people, under specified conditions. To deny that 'morality' in this sense, refers, is a position known as moral skepticism. In its third usage 'morality' is synonymous with ethics, the systematic philosophical study of the moral domain. Ethics seeks to address questions such as how a moral outcome can be achieved in a specific situation (applied ethics), how moral values should be determined (normative ethics), which morals people actually hold to (descriptive ethics), what is the fundamental nature of ethics or morality itself, including whether it has any objective justification (meta-ethics), and how moral capacity or moral agency develops and its nature (moral psychology). In applied ethics, for example, the prohibition against taking human life is controversial with respect to capital punishment, abortion and wars of invasion. In normative ethics, a typical question might be whether a lie given for the sake of protecting someone from harm is justified. In meta-ethics, a key issue is what is meant by the terms right or wrong. Moral realism would hold that the individual is attempting to elucidate some objective moral fact, whereas the various branches of moral non-realism would hold that morality is derived from: the norms of the prevalent society (cultural relativism); the edicts of a god (divine command theory); is merely an expression of the speakers sentiments (emotivism); an implied imperative (prescriptivism); strictly speaking false (error theory). Some thinkers hold that there is no correct definition of right behavior, that morality can only be judged with respect to particular situations, within the standards of particular belief systems and socio-historical contexts. This position, known as moral relativism, often cites empirical evidence from anthropology as evidence to support its claims. The opposite view, that there are universal, eternal moral truths is known as moral absolutism. Moral absolutists might concede that forces of social conformity significantly shape moral decisions, but deny that cultural norms and customs define morally right behavior. These thinkers typically also emphasise the commonalities in morality found across cultures, for example taboos on incest, prohibitions on in-group killing, etc.
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La morale (du latin moralitas, « façon, caractère, comportement approprié ») se rapporte au concept de l'action humaine qui concerne les sujets du juste et de l'injuste, également désignés sous le nom « bien et mal ».
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Der Ausdruck "Moral" geht über das französische moral auf das lateinische moralis (die Sitte betreffend; lat: mos Sitte) zurück, das im von Cicero neugeprägten Ausdruck philosophia moralis als Übersetzung von êthikê (Ethik) verwendet wird.Der Ausdruck Moral bezeichnet dabei das, was als richtiges Handeln angesehen wird, sei es von einem Individuum, einer Gruppe oder einer ganzen Kultur. Der Ausdruck kann deskriptiv und normativ verwendet werden. Moral beschreibt, was Menschen faktisch für richtig halten, bzw. was sie gemäß ihrer Vorstellungen vom richtigen Handeln tun.
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Moralność – zbiór zasad (norm), które określają co jest dobre, a co złe, którymi zgodnie z danym światopoglądem religijnym bądź filozoficznym powinni kierować się ludzie. Zbiorem moralnym można nazwać dekalog czyli zbiór 10 przykazań.
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Il termine morale in funzione di sostantivo deriva dal latino moralia ed ha lo stesso significato di etica, oppure è essa stessa interpretata come oggetto dell'etica. In questo caso la morale rappresenta la condotta diretta da norme, la guida secondo la quale l'uomo agisce.Il termine morale in funzione di aggettivo deriva dal greco ηθικος (moralis in latino) ed assurge a valore di ciò che è attinente alla dottrina etica, oppure significa ciò che è attinente alla condotta e quindi suscettibile di valutazione e quindi di giudizio.Qui verrà usato il concetto di morale come moralità, cioè come assieme di convenzioni e valori di un determinato gruppo sociale in un periodo storico (o semplicemente di un individuo), concetto ben distinto da moralismo con il quale si intende la corruzione della moralità e rimandando ad etica per la filosofia morale, cioè per la disciplina filosofica.
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