Mental disorder or mental illness are terms used to refer a psychological or physiological pattern that occurs in an individual and is usually associated with distress or disability that is not expected as part of normal development or culture. The recognition and understanding of mental disorders has changed over time. Definitions, assessments, and classifications of mental disorders can vary, but guideline criterion listed in the
ICD,
DSM and other manuals are widely accepted by
mental health professionals. Categories of diagnoses in these schemes may include
mood disorders,
anxiety disorders,
psychotic disorders,
eating disorders,
developmental disorders,
personality disorders, and many other categories. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause of mental disorders, although they are widely understood in terms of a
diathesis-stress model and
biopsychosocial model. Mental disorders have been found to be common, with over a third of people in most countries reporting sufficient criteria at some point in their life. Mental health services may be based in hospitals or in the community.
Mental health professionals diagnose individuals using different methodologies, often relying on case history and interview.
Psychotherapy and
psychiatric medication are two major treatment options, as well as supportive interventions. Treatment may be involuntary where legislation allows. A number of movements campaign for changes to mental health services and attitudes, including the
Consumer/Survivor Movement. There are widespread problems with
stigma and
discrimination.
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