A lone pair is a
(valence) electron pair without bonding or sharing with other
atoms. They are found in the outermost
electron shell of an atom, so lone pairs are a subset of a
molecule's
valence electrons. They can be identified by examining the outermost
energy level of an atom — lone electron pairs consist of paired electrons as opposed to single electrons, which may appear if the
atomic orbital is not full. Electron pairs are therefore considered lone pairs if two electrons are paired but are not used in bonding. Thus, the number of lone electrons plus the number of
bonding electrons equal the total number of valence electrons from a compound.
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