1 fiziki ; eng. tongue
zabân( e dar dahân) (PIE dnghû-, old pers. hizbâna-, mpers. huzvân http://us.share.geocities.com/agimzeneli/etymology2.html)
2
zabân( e guyeši)
=> langage
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The essential thing about language is that it has meaning - i.e. that it is related to something other than itself, which is, in general, non-linguistic.
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Language consists of sensible phenomena just as much as eating or walking, and if we can know nothing about facts we cannot know what other people say or even we are saying ourselves. Language, like other acquired ways of behaving, consists of useful habits and has none of the mystery which it is often surrounded.
(B. RUSSELL, My philosophical development, p. 11, 110-111)
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..., une langue constitue toujours un système pour des énoncés possibles : c'est un ensemble fini de règles qui autorise un nombre infini de performances.
(M. FOUCAULT, L'archéologie du savoir, nrf Gallimard 1969, p. 39)
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« Les langues évoluent dans le sens de la paresse. »
(Daniel Pennac)
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The essence of language lies, not in the use of this or that special means of communication, but in the employment of fixed associations (however these may have originated) in order that something now sensible--a spoken word, a picture, a gesture, or what not--may call up the "idea" of something else. Whenever this is done, what is now sensible may be called a "sign" or "symbol," and that of which it is intended to call up the "idea" may be called its "meaning."
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Language profoundly affects our thoughts, and it is this aspect of language that is of most importance to us in our present inquiry.
(B. RUSSELL,
The Analysis of Mind)
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Language is intimately linked to culture in a complex fašion; it is at once the expression of culture and a part of it.
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"Nous découpons la nature selon les lignes établies par notre langue [...] Aucun individu n'est libre de décrire la nature avec impartialité absolue ; au contraire, il est forcé de soucrire à certains modes d'interprétation alors même qu'il se croit le plus libre."
(B. L. Whorf, "Language, thought and reality", cité dans L'homme de paroles, Claude Hagège, p. 184)
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Les langues sont des conceptions du monde, non pas abstraites mais concrètes, sociales, traversées par le système des appréciations, inséparables de la pratique courante et de la lutte des classes. C'est pourquoi chaque objet, chaque notion, chaque point de vue, chaque appréciation, chaque intonation, se trouve au point d'intersection des frontières des langues-conceptions du monde, est englobé dans une lutte idéologique acharnée. Dans ces conditions exceptionnelles devient impossible tout dogmatisme linguistique et verbal, toute naïveté verbale.
(L'œuvre de François Rabelais, Mikhaïl BAKHTINE, p. 467)
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Since the upper classes have historically determined how we speak, a churl is what he is today.
f 1) dil (bədən üzvü); 2) dil (ünsiyyət vasitəsi); ~ maternelle ana dili; ~ étrangère xarici dil
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