Jihadism (also jihadist movement or jihadi movement) is a controversial term to describe the renewed focus on armed jihad in radical Islamic fundamentalism. Jihadism emerges in the 1960s, with roots in the late 19th and early 20th century ideological developments of  Islamic revivalism, developed into Qutbism and related ideologies during the mid 20th century. The rise of jihadism was re-enforced by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and has been propagated in various armed conflicts throughout the 1990s and 2000s. A specifically Salafist jihadism  has been diagnosed within the modern Salafi movement by Gilles Kepel in the mid 1990s.