gnosticism

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Gnosticism
Gnosticism (from Greek gnōsis, knowledge) refers to a diverse, syncretistic religious movement consisting of various belief systems generally united in the teaching that humans are divine souls trapped in a material world created by an imperfect spirit, the demiurge, who is frequently identified with the Abrahamic God. The demiurge may be depicted as an embodiment of evil, or in other instances as merely imperfect and as benevolent as its inadequacy permits. This demiurge exists alongside another remote and unknowable supreme being that embodies good. In order to free oneself from the inferior material world, one needs gnosis, or esoteric spiritual knowledge available only to a learned elite. Jesus of Nazareth is identified by some (though not all) Gnostic sects as an embodiment of the supreme being who became incarnate to bring gnosis to the Earth.
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Gnosticisme
Le gnosticisme est un mouvement religieux regroupant des doctrines variées du bassin méditerranéen et du Moyen-Orient, apparues au , qui se caractérisent généralement par la croyance que les hommes sont des âmes divines emprisonnées dans un monde matériel créé par un dieu mauvais ou imparfait appelé le démiurge.
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Gnostizismus
Der Gnostizismus (latinisierte Form des griechischen γνωστικισμός, gnostikismós, von altgriechisch γνῶσις, gnósis, „die [Er-]Kenntnis“; vergleiche Agnostizismus) bezeichnet eine religiöse Lehre des 2. und 3. Jahrhunderts. Der Begriff wird auch für moderne esoterische Bewegungen in der Tradition des Gnostizismus verwendet.
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Gnostycyzm
Gnostycyzm (z gnostikos "dotyczący wiedzy, służący poznaniu") – doktryny i ruchy religijne powstałe w  I i II w. na wschodzie cesarstwa rzymskiego, gł. w Syrii i Egipcie będące kontynuacją gnozydualistyczne i łączące elementy chrześcijaństwa z grecko-egipskim hermetyzmem. Ok. VI wieku ruchy gnostyckie zostały wchłonięte przez szerzący się manicheizm.
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Gnosticismo
Lo gnosticismo è un movimento filosofico-religioso, molto articolato, la cui massima diffusione si ebbe nel II e III secolo dell'era cristiana. Il termine gnosticismo deriva dalla parola greca gnósis , «conoscenza». Una definizione piuttosto parziale del movimento basata sull'etimologia della parola può essere: "dottrina della salvezza tramite la conoscenza". Mentre il giudaismo sostiene che l'anima raggiunge la salvezza attraverso l'osservanza delle 613 mitzvòt e il cristianesimo sostiene che l'anima raggiunge la salvezza attraverso la fede, le opere e la Grazia, per lo gnosticismo la salvezza dell'anima può derivare soltanto dal possesso di una conoscenza quasi intuitiva dei misteri dell'universo e dal possesso di formule magiche indicative di quella conoscenza. Gli gnostici erano "persone che sapevano", e la loro conoscenza li costituiva in una classe di esseri superiori, il cui status presente e futuro era sostanzialmente diverso da quello di coloro che, per qualsiasi ragione, non sapevano.
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