Fitna (فتنة) is an
Arabic word, generally regarded as very difficult to translate but at the same time is considered to be an all encompassing word referring to schism, secession, upheaval and anarchy at once. It is often used to refer to
civil war, disagreement and division within
Islam and specifically alludes to a time involving trials of faith, similar to the
Tribulation in
Christian eschatology. The term comes originally referred to the
refining of metal to remove
dross , but became common in
apocalyptic writings and is often used to refer to the
First Islamic civil war, in 656–661 CE, a prolonged struggle for the
caliphate after the 656 assassination of the caliph
Uthman ibn Affan. The Second Fitna, or
Second Islamic civil war, is usually identified as the 683–685 CE conflict among the
Umayyads for control of the caliphate. The third one refers to the
taifas in the end of the
Caliph of Córdoba's rule.
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