Atomic orbital
An atomic orbital is a mathematical description of the region in which an
electron may be found around a single
atom. Specifically, atomic orbitals are the possible
quantum states of the individual electrons in the
electron cloud around a single atom. Classically, the electrons were thought to orbit the atomic nucleus, much like the planets around the Sun (or more accurately, a moth orbiting very quickly around a lamp). Explaining the behavior of the electrons that "orbit" an atom was one of the driving forces behind the development of
quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics, atomic orbitals are described as
wave functions over space, indexed by the n, l, and m
quantum numbers of the orbital or by the names as used in
electron configurations, as shown on the right. As electrons cannot be described as solid particles (as a planet or a moth) in this way, a more accurate analogy would be that of a huge atmosphere, the spatially distributed electron, around a tiny planet which is the atomic nucleus. Hence the term "orbit" was substituted with something else: orbital.
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Orbitale atomique
Le terme d'orbitale atomique est une notion de
physique quantique, utilisée dans le modèle quantique de l'
atome. Ainsi dans ce modèle, contrairement à l'ancien modèle planétaire de l'atome, on ne considère plus que les
électrons d'un atome sont en orbite circulaire (ou même elliptique) autour du noyau, mais occupent de manière probabiliste certaines régions de l'espace autour du noyau. On définit alors comme orbitale atomique une zone de l'espace où la
probabilité de trouver un
électron autour du
noyau est de 95%. Une orbitale peut ne pas être
connexe.
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Orbital
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Атомная орбиталь
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