The electron affinity, Eea, of an
atom or
molecule is the energy required to detach an electron from a
singly charged negative ion, i.e., the energy change for the processX- → X + e- An equivalent definition is the energy released (Einitial − Efinal) when an electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule. It should be noted that the
sign convention for Eea is the opposite to most
thermodynamic quantities: a positive electron affinity indicates that energy is released on going from atom to
anion.
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The enthalpy change for the addition of one electron to an atom or ion in the gaseous state. For example, the electron affinity of hydrogen is H in the reaction
H(g) + e- H-(g)H = -73 kJ/mol.
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