The Científicos (
Spanish: "scientists" or "those scientifically oriented") were a circle of
technocratic advisors to
President of Mexico Porfirio Díaz. Steeped in the
positivist "science" of government, they functioned as part of his program of modernization at the start of the
20th century.Leading Científicos included:
Gabino Barreda (1820-1881), a precursor of the group. A
physician and
professor of medicine, Barreda studied in
Paris under
Auguste Comte between 1847 and 1851 and is widely credited with introducing positivism in
Mexico. Put in charge of fulfilling the
1857 Constitution's promise of secular public education by the early
Juárez government, Barreda organized the National Preparatory School, the first secular school of higher learning in Mexico, which opened in 1868 and became the training ground for many of the younger Científicos.Manuel Romero Rubio (1828-1895),
Secretary of the Interior from 1884 to 1895 and the father of Porfirio Díaz' second wife Carmen (they were married in 1881); a founding member of the group.
José Yves Limantour (1854-1935), Ministro de Hacienda (Secretary of the Treasury) from 1893 until the fall of the Díaz regime in 1911; considered the political leader of the faction.
Justo Sierra, the leading intellectual and spokesman of the circle.The writers and journalists
Francisco Bulnes (1847-1924) and Emilio Rabasa (1856-1930), co-founders of the newspaper
El Universal in 1888), both considered spokesmen for the Científicos.
Enrique C. Creel (1854-1931), a wealthy businessman and landowner, an influential member of the powerful Terrazas-Creel Clan that dominated the northern state of
Chihuahua, of which he was governor from 1904 until the fall of the Díaz regime in 1911.
Luis Terrazas (1829-1923), Founder of the Terrazas-Creel Clan, father-in-law of Enrique Creel, and one of the richest landowners in the Republic of Mexico; he helped to bankroll the faction. The lawyers Pablo Macedo and Joaquín Casasús.Nemesio García Naranjo (1883-1963), who later became
Secretary of Education under
Adolfo de la Huerta in 1913.Emilio Pimentel, lawyer, governor of
Oaxaca from 1902 to 1911.Rosendo Pineda, lawyer, influential backer of Porfirio Díaz in the state of Oaxaca.Rafael Reyes Spíndola (1860-1922), founder (in 1896) and publisher of the
Mexico City newspaper
El Imparcial, considered the "semi-official newspaper of the Porfiriato."
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Científicos ist die Bezeichnung für die Anhänger des französischen
Positivismus während des Porfiriats in
Mexico.Es handelte sich dabei um eine Gruppe von Intellektuellen, die die
Entwicklungsdiktatur von
Porfirio Díaz stützte, weil sie glaubte, durch die Befriedung des Landes und eine stabile staatliche Ordnung technischen und wirtschaftlichen
Fortschritt durchsetzen zu können. Oberste Richtschnur dieser Gruppe war die wissenschaftliche Forschung und die Orientierung an Naturgesetzen. Die Positivisten rechtfertigten den wirtschaftlichen Liberalismus, lehnten aber den politische Liberalismus ab.
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Ciência refere-se tanto a:Investigação
racional ou estudo da
natureza, direccionado à descoberta da
verdade. Tal investigação é normalmente metódica, ou de acordo com o
método científico– um processo de avaliar o
conhecimento empírico;O corpo organizado de conhecimento adquirido por tal
pesquisa. A Ciência é o conhecimento ou um sistema de conhecimentos que abarca verdades gerais ou a operação de leis gerais especialmente obtidas e testadas através do método científico. O conhecimento científico depende muito da
lógica.As áreas da ciência podem ser classificadas em duas grandes dimensões:Pura (o desenvolvimento de teorias) versus
Aplicada (a aplicação de teorias às necessidades humanas); ou
Natural (o estudo do mundo natural) versus
Social (o estudo do
comportamento humano e da
sociedade).
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