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caliphate
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Caliphate
The term caliphate, "dominion of a caliph ('successor')" (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa, ), refers to the first system of government established in Islam and represented the leaders unity of the Muslim Ummah (community). In theory, it is an aristocratic–constitutional republic (the Constitution being the Constitution of Medina), which means that the head of state, the Caliph, and other officials are representatives of the people and of Islam and must govern according to constitutional and religious law, or Sharia. In its early days, it resembled elements of direct democracy (see shura) and an elective monarchy.
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Kalifat
Die Bezeichnung Kalifat leitet sich ab aus dem arabischen chilafa. Der Kalif heißt auf ) bzw. chalifat Allah oder chalifat rasul Allah, was wörtlich „Stellvertreter Gottes“ oder „Nachfolger des Gesandten Gottes“ bedeutet.
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Califat
Un califat (arabe : ) est le territoire reconnaissant l'autorité d'un calife (arabe : ), successeur du prophète de l'islam Mahomet dans l'exercice politique du pouvoir. Ce mot sert aussi à désigner le régime politique lui-même et la période pendant laquelle il s'exerce (ex. « pendant le califat de Haroun Al Rachid »).
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Kalifat
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Kalifat
Kalifat (arab. خلاف chilāf) – islamskie państwo o ustroju religijnym, na którego czele stał kalif (arab. خليفة chalīfa). Na początku obejmowało wszystkich muzułmanów. Kilkakrotnie zmieniały się ośrodki władzy kalifów: pierwsi rządzili z Medyny, dynastia Umajjadów wybrała Damaszek, Abbasydzi - Bagdad (przez pewien czas panowali z Samarry). W czasie rządów tych ostatnich państwo zwane było kalifatem bagdadzkim. Na skutek wojen domowych nastąpiło rozbicie polityczne i podział kalifatu.
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