atomic nucleus

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Atomic nucleus
The nucleus of an atom is the very small dense region of an atom, in its center consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons). The size (diameter) of the nucleus is in the range of 1.6 fm (10-15 m) (for a proton in light hydrogen) to about 15 fm (for the heaviest atoms, such as uranium). These dimensions are much smaller than the size of the atom itself by a factor of about 23,000 (uranium) to about 145,000 (hydrogen). Almost all of the mass in an atom is made up from the protons and neutrons in the nucleus with a very small contribution from the orbiting electrons. The etymology of the term nucleus is from 1704 meaning “kernel of a nut”. In 1844, Michael Faraday used the term to refer to the “central point of an atom”. The modern atomic meaning was proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1912. The adoption of the term “nucleus” to atomic theory, however, was not immediate. In 1916, for example, Gilbert N. Lewis stated, in his famous article The Atom and the Molecule, that “the atom is composed of the kernel and an outer atom or shell”.
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Noyau atomique
Le noyau atomique désigne la région située au centre d'un atome constituée de protons et de neutrons (les nucléons). La taille du noyau (10 m) est environ 10 000 fois plus petite que celle de l'atome (10 m) et concentre quasiment toute sa masse. Les forces nucléaires qui s'exercent entre les nucléons sont à peu près un million de fois plus grandes que les forces entre les atomes ou les molécules. Un noyau instable est dit radioactif, il est sujet à une transmutation, soit spontanée soit provoquée par l'arrivée d'un neutron supplémentaire.
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Atomkern
Der Atomkern ist der im Vergleich zur Atomhülle winzig kleine Kern des Atoms.Kenntnisse über die Eigenschaften von Atomkernen sind beispielsweise zum Verständnis der Radioaktivität, der Kernspaltung (KernkraftwerkKernreaktorAtombombe) und der Kernfusion (KernfusionsreaktorWasserstoffbombe) notwendig.Von dem lateinischen Wort für Kern (nucleus) leitet sich der Begriff nuklear ab. Er bezeichnet Dinge oder Wirkungen, die mit Eigenschaften oder mit Reaktionen von Atomkernen zusammenhängen, beispielsweise Nuklearmedizin. Eine Atomkernsorte heißt zur Unterscheidung von einem einzelnen Kern Nuklid.
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Jadro atomowe
Jądro atomowe to centralna część atomu zbudowana z jednego lub więcej protonów i  neutronów, zwanych nukleonami. Jądro stanowi niewielką część objętości całego atomu, jednak to w jądrze skupiona jest prawie cała masa. Przemiany jądrowe mogą prowadzić do powstawania ogromnych ilości energii. Niewłaściwe ich wykorzystanie może stanowić zagrożenie dla środowiska.
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Nucleo atomico
In fisica col termine nucleo generalmente si intende la parte centrale, densa, di un atomo, costituita da protoni che possiedono carica positiva e neutroni di carica nulla, detti collettivamente nucleoni.Il nucleo è caratterizzato da diversi parametri di cui i più importanti sono il numero di massa A, che rappresenta il numero totale di nucleoni presenti, il numero atomico Z che è il numero di protoni ed il numero neutronico N che rappresenta il numero di neutroni. Vale la relazione: . Altri parametri importanti sono lo spin totale, la parità, lo spin isotopico e, nel caso di nuclei radioattivi, l'emivita.
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