The aspect ratio of an
image is its displayed width divided by its height (usually expressed as "x:y" or "x×y," with the joining colon or multiplication symbol articulated as the preposition "by" or sometimes "to"). Currently, the most common motion picture
film ratios in use are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1. In
video, the two standardized ratios are currently the traditional 4:3 (1.33:1), universal among
standard definition video formats, and its modern 16:9 (1.78:1) successor, used in
high-definition television and European
digital television. Historically, many other aspect ratios no longer in general use have existed in both film and video. Conversion between formats with unequal ratios can be accomplished by either cropping the image to fit the receiving format's ratio or adding black bars (
letterboxing or
pillarboxing) to retain the original format's ratio. Film ratios tend to be formatted to end with ":1", while video ratios usually prefer to be denoted with whole numbers on both sides of the ratio.
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