Allantoin is a chemical compound with formula C4H6N4O3. It is also called 5-ureidohydantoin or glyoxyldiureide. It is a diureide of
glyoxylic acid. Named after the
allantois, an
amniote embryonic excretory organ in which it concentrates during development in most
mammals except higher apes, it is a product of oxidation of
uric acid by
purine catabolism. After birth, it is the predominant means by which
nitrogenous waste is excreted in the
urine of these animals. In humans and other higher apes, the metabolic pathway for conversion of
uric acid to allantoin has been lost, so the former is excreted. Recombinant
rasburicase is sometimes used as a drug to catalyze this metabolic conversion in patients. In fish, allantoin is broken down further (into
ammonia) before excretion, but most of the
enzymes responsible have been lost in
mammals [1]. Allantoin is a major metabolic intermediate in many other organisms including plants and bacteria.
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