Zugzwang (
German for "compulsion to move",
IPA: ) is a term used in
combinatorial game theory and in various games to describe a situation where one player is put at a disadvantage because he has to make a move - the player would like to pass and make no move. The fact that the player must make a move means that his position will be significantly weaker than the hypothetical one in which it is his opponent's turn to move. In combinatorial game theory, it specifically means that it directly changes the outcome of the game from a win to a loss. The term is used less precisely in other games; e.g., the game theory definition is not necessarily used in
chess , .
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