An intelligence quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different
standardized tests attempting to measure
intelligence. IQ tests are used as predictors of
educational achievement. People with
low IQ scores are sometimes placed in special-needs education.IQ scores are also used by social scientists; in particular, they study the distribution of IQ scores in populations and the relationships between IQ score and other variables. IQ
correlates with job performance and
income, also with the social status of the parents. Recent work has demonstrated links between IQ and both
morbidity and
mortality. While IQ heritability has been investigated for nearly a century, controversy remains as to how much is heritable, and the mechanisms for heritability are still a matter of some debate. The same study suggests that the
heritable component of IQ becomes more significant with age. The average IQ scores for many populations were rising at an average rate of three points per decade during the 20th century with most of the increase in the lower half of the IQ range: a phenomenon called the
Flynn effect. It is disputed whether these changes in scores reflect real changes in intellectual abilities, or merely methodological problems with past testing.
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