According to the
Buddhist tradition, all phenomena other than Nirvana, (sankhara) are marked by three characteristics, sometimes referred to as the Dharma seals, that is
dukkha (suffering),
anicca (impermanence), and
anatta (non-Self).After much
meditation, the
Buddha concluded that everything in the physical world (plus everything in the
phenomenology of
psychology) is marked by these three characteristics:
Dukkha (Sanskrit duhkha) or unsatisfactoriness, 'dis-ease' (also often translated "suffering," though this is somewhat misleading). Nothing found in the physical world or even the psychological realm can bring lasting deep satisfaction.
Anicca (Sanskrit anitya) or
impermanence. This refers not only to the fact that all conditioned things eventually cease to exist, but also that all conditioned things are in a constant state of flux. (Visualize a leaf growing on a tree. It dies and falls off the tree but is soon replaced by a new leaf.)
Anatta (Sanskrit anatman) impersonality, or non-Self. The human personality, "
soul", or Self, is a conventional appellation applied to the assembly of physical and psychological components, each individually subject to constant flux; there is no central core (or essence); this is somewhat similar to a
bundle theory of mind or soul.
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