Sol Invictus
For the folk music band, see
Sol Invictus (band). Sol Invictus ("the Unconquered Sun") or, more fully, Deus Sol Invictus ("the Unconquered Sun God") was a religious title applied to at least three distinct divinities during the later
Roman Empire:
El Gabal,
Mithras, and
Sol.Unlike the earlier, agrarian cult of
Sol Indiges ("the native sun" or "the invoked sun" - the etymology and meaning of the word "indiges" is disputed), the title Deus Sol Invictus was formed by analogy with the imperial titulature pius felix invictus ("dutiful, fortunate, unconquered").The Romans held a festival on December 25 called Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, "the birthday of the unconquered sun." The use of the title
Sol Invictus allowed several
solar deities to be worshipped collectively, including
Elah-Gabal, a Syrian sun god;
Sol, the patron god of Emperor
Aurelian (AD 270-274); and
Mithras, a soldiers' god of
Persian origin. Emperor
Elagabalus (218-222) introduced the festival, and it reached the height of its popularity under Aurelian, who promoted it as an empire-wide holiday. December 25 was also considered to be the date of the
winter solstice, which the Romans called bruma. It was therefore the day the Sun proved itself to be "unconquered" despite the shortening of daylight hours. (When
Julius Caesar introduced the
Julian Calendar in
45 BC, December 25 was approximately the date of the solstice. In modern times, the solstice falls on December 21 or 22.) The Sol Invictus festival has a "strong claim on the responsibility" for the date of Christmas, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia. Solar symbolism was popular with early Christian writers as Jesus was considered to be the "sun of righteousness." More recent christian sources suggest that the identification of
Christ's birth-day pre-dates the Sol Invictus festival.
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Sol Invictus
Sol Invictus (religion)
Sol (Gott)
Sol ist der
antike römische Sonnengott, bekannt vor allem in seiner späten Erscheinungsform (seit dem 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.) als Sol Invictus (lateinisch der unbesiegte Sonnengott, oft ungenau übersetzt als der unbesiegbare Sonnengott). Sol entspricht zwar dem griechischen
Helios, mit dem er auch
ikonographisch Übereinstimmungen zeigt, aber er ist nicht aus der griechischen Religion übernommen, sondern einheimischen Ursprungs.
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Sol Invictus
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Sol Invictus
Sol Invictus ("Sole invitto") o, per esteso, Deus Sol Invictus ("Dio Sole invitto") era un appellativo religioso usato per tre diverse divinità nel tardo
Impero romano,
Eliogabalo,
Mitra, e Sol.Al contrario del precedente culto agreste di
Sol Indiges ("Sole nativo" o "Sole invocato" - l'etimologia ed il significato del termine indiges sono dubbie), il titolo Deus Sol Invictus fu formato per analogia con la titolatura imperiale Pius, Felix, Invictus (Devoto, Fortunato, Invitto).
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