The Sixteen Kingdoms , or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in
China proper and its neighboring areas from 304 to 439
CE after the retreat of the
Jin Dynasty (265-420) to
South China and before the establishment of the
Northern Dynasties. Originally, the term was first introduced by Cui Hong in the lost historical record,
Shiliuguo Chunqiu (the
Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms) and restricted to sixteen kingdoms of this era, namely the states of
Han Zhao,
Later Zhao,
Cheng Han,
Former Liang,
Later Liang,
Northern Liang,
Western Liáng,
Southern Liang,
Former Yan,
Later Yan,
Northern Yan,
Southern Yan,
Former Qin,
Later Qin and
Western Qin and
Xia. The term has been broadened to included all sovereignities from 304 to 439. These do not all exist through the entire period.
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