The Scientific Revolution can be dated roughly as having begun in 1543, the year in which
Nicolaus Copernicus published his
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) and
Andreas Vesalius published his
De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human body). As with many historical demarcations, historians of science disagree about its boundaries. The period is often dated to the 16th and 17th centuries, though some see elements contributing to the revolution as early as the 11th to 14th centuries, and finding its last stages in
chemistry and
biology in the 18th and 19th centuries. There is general agreement, however, that the intervening period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas in
physics,
astronomy, and
biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe. As a result, the scientific revolution is commonly viewed as a foundation of modern
science. The
continuity thesis is the opposing view that there was no radical discontinuity between the intellectual development of the
Middle Ages and the developments in the
Renaissance and
early modern period.
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