Samnium (
Oscan Safinim) was a region of the south central
Apennines in
Italy that was home to the Samnites, a group of
Sabellic tribes that controlled the area from about
600 BC to about
290 BC. Samnium was delimited by
Latium in the north, by
Lucania in the south, by
Campania in the west and by
Apulia in the east. The principal cities of the region were Bovaiamom, renamed
Bovianum by
Latins (today:
Bojano) and
Malventum (Maloenton in
Oscan), which was later renamed
Beneventum by the
Romans (today:
Benevento). For most of their history the Samnites were landlocked, but during a brief period they controlled parts of both coasts of the Italian peninsula. The Samnites were composed of at least four tribes: the
Pentri (the most important tribe, capital:
Bovianum), the
Caraceni (principal cities: Cluviae, the modern
Casoli, and
Juvanum, the ruins of which are spread between
Torricella Peligna and
Montenerodomo), the
Caudini (capital: Caudium, today
Montesarchio) and the
Hirpini (
Oscan for wolf; capital
Beneventum), and later may have been joined by the
Frentani (capital Larinum, the modern
Larino). The federal capital of the federal League they formed was
Bovianum, except for a short period between the
4th and
3rd centuries BC, in which it was
Aquilonia, destroyed by Romans in
293 BC, whose location is today unknown. The earliest written record of the people is a treaty with the Romans from
354 BC, which set their border at the
Liris River. Shortly thereafter the
Samnite Wars broke out; they won an important battle against the Roman army in
321 BC, and their empire reached its peak in
316 BC after further gains from the Romans. In
290 BC, the Romans finally broke the Samnites' power. In
82 BC, the Roman dictator
Lucius Cornelius Sulla slaughtered many of them and forced the rest to disperse. So great was the destruction that it was recorded that "the towns of Samnium have become villages, and many have vanished altogether."
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[תמונה:Italia 400 aC.JPG|שמאל|ממוזער|250px|איטליה במאה הרביעית לפני הספירה: האזור הסאמניטי מופיע בירוק כהה ]] סאמניום או סאמנטיום הוא שמו של חבל ארץ היסטורי וגאוגרפי בדרום
איטליה, שנקרא על שם העם שהתיישב בו בתקופות מוקדמות בהיסטוריה, ה
סאמניטים. גבולות החבל היו
לאטיום (כיום
לאציו) בצפון, לוקאניה (כיום בזיליקטה) בדרום,
קמפניה במערב ו
אפוליה במזרח. כיום מתחלק החבל בין המחוזות האיטלקיים קמפניה, פוליה,
מוליזה,
אברוצו, ו
בזיליקטה. החבל השתרע באזור
הרי האפנינים לאורך שפלת
קמפניה. הערים המרכזיות בחבל היו בוביאמום (Bovaiamom), שנקראה על ידי הרומאים בוביאנום (כיום העיר בויאנו, מחוז
מוליזה), ומאלוונטום (כיום
בנוונטו (Benevento) שבמחוז קמפניה).
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