Presses universitaires de France

University Presses of France (French: Presses Universitaires de France or PUF) are the largest French university publishing houses, founded in 1921 by several professors. In 2000, PUF were reorganized, with the larger publishing group Flammarion taking 17% of the capital and the conglomerate Maaf Assurances taking up 9%. A similar tendency toward the constitution of an oligopoly has been observed by French newspapers, with titles like Le Monde, Libération or even L'Humanité accepting to turn themselves toward private financing.
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