Peru (, , ), officially the Republic of Peru (, ), is a country in western
South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.Peruvian territory was home to the
Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the
Inca Empire, the largest state in
Pre-Columbian America. The
Spanish Empire conquered the country in the 16th century and established a
Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving
independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
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