The Italian War of 1551 (1551–1559), sometimes known as the Habsburg-Valois War, began when
Henry II of France, who had succeeded
Francis I to the throne, declared war against
Charles V with the intent of recapturing
Italy and ensuring
French, rather than
Habsburg, domination of European affairs. An early offensive into
Lorraine was successful, with Henry capturing the three episcopal cities of
Metz,
Toul, and
Verdun, but the French invasion of
Tuscany in 1553, in support of
Siena attacked by an imperial‐Tuscany army, was defeated at the
Battle of Marciano by
Gian Giacomo Medici. Siena fell in 1555 and eventually became part of the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany founded by
Cosimo I de' Medici.
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