The Panama Canal is a major
ship canal that traverses the
Isthmus of Panama in
Central America, connecting the
Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans. Construction of the canal was one of the largest and most difficult
engineering projects ever undertaken. It has had an enormous impact on
shipping between the two oceans, replacing the long and treacherous route via the
Drake Passage and
Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of
South America. A
ship sailing from
New York to
San Francisco via the canal travels 9,500 km (6,000 miles), well under half the 22,500 km (14,000 mi) route around Cape Horn. Although the concept of a canal near
Panama dates back to the early 16th century, the first attempt to construct a canal began in 1880 under
French leadership. After this attempt failed and saw 22,000 workers die, the project of building a canal was attempted and completed by the
United States in Panama in the early 1900s, with the canal opening in 1914. The building of the 77 km (48 mi) canal was plagued by problems, including disease (particularly
malaria and
yellow fever) and
landslides. By the time the canal was completed, a total of 27,500 workers are estimated to have died in the French and U.S. attempts.
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