Old Norse was the
Germanic language spoken by the inhabitants of
Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the
Viking Age, until about
1300. It evolved from the older
Proto-Norse, in the
8th century.Because most of the surviving texts are from Medieval Icelandic, the de facto standard version of the language is the Old West Norse dialect, that is Old Icelandic and
Old Norwegian. Most speakers of Old Norse, however, spoke the very similar Old East Norse dialect in Denmark and Sweden and their settlements. There was no clear geographical separation between the two dialects. Old East Norse traits were found in eastern Norway and Old West Norse traits were found in western Sweden. In addition, there was also an
Old Gutnish dialect, sometimes included in Old East Norse because it was the least known dialect. However there are reasons to consider this a separate branch since it shares traits with both Old West Norse and Old East Norse and also has developed its own. The
Icelandic Gray Goose Laws stated that Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders and Danes all spoke the same language, dnsk tunga. In the eastern dialect, which was spoken in Sweden and Denmark, this would have been dansk tunga and this translates as the "Danish tongue". It was also called norrœnt mál ("Nordic language").
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n. ภาษาเยอรมันในยุคแรก, ภาษาเยอรมันโบราณ
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