Muonium

A muonium particle is an exotic atom made up of an antimuon (the muon's positively charged antiparticle) and an electron, and is given the symbol Mu or µ+e−. During the muon's 2 µs lifetime, muonium can enter into compounds such as muonium chloride (MuCl) or sodium muonide (NaMu).Due to the mass difference between the antimuon and the electron, muonium is more similar to atomic hydrogen than positronium. Its Bohr radius and ionization energy are within 0.5% of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium.Physical chemists consider muonium to be an isotope of hydrogen and, though it is short-lived, use it in a modified form of electron spin resonance spectroscopy for the analysis of chemical transformations and the structure of compounds with novel or potentially valuable electronic properties. (This form of electron spin resonance is called muon spin resonance or µSR.) There are variants of "muon spin resonance", e.g. muon spin rotation, which is effected by the presence of a magnetic field applied transverse to the muon beam direction, and Avoided Level Crossing (ALC), which is also called Level Crossing Resonance (LCR). The latter employs a magnetic field applied longitudinally to the beam direction, and monitors the relaxation of muon spins caused by magnetic oscillations with another magnetic nucleus. One author has considered "muonium" as the second radioisotope of hydrogen, after tritium. (C.J. Rhodes, Perkin Transactions 2, 2002)
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. This is a atom of hydrogen with a life of a few billionth of a second in which the orbital electron has been expelled and replaced by a negative muon which orbits 206 times closer the nucleus. The atom is much smaller so its nucleus can approach much closer than hitherto to that of another atom and possibly fuse. Luis Alvarez, in 1957, was the first to discover the catalysis of nuclear fusion by a µ- + p + 2H -> 3He + µ-.