Monophthong

A monophthong (Greek μονόφθογγος, "monophthongos" = single note) is a "pure" vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation; compare diphthong. In the English language, there are in practice relatively few monophthongs. The position, beginnings, and endings of vowel articulation are perhaps the chief distinguishing feature among the various dialects of English; the differences between the pronunciations of British English and American English are largely a result of the different realization of vowel sounds. The conversion of monophthongs to diphthongs, or of diphthongs to monophthongs, is a major element of language change and is likely the cause of further changes. Some sounds that may be perceived by native speakers as monophthongs in both these varieties of English are, in fact, diphthongs; the vowel sound in pay —  IPA  is an example of this. Some dialects of English make monophthongs out of former diphthongs. In British English, the vowel boat is generally realized as a diphthong ; American English has either with much less change of articulation or a pure vowel in this position. Also, the speech of the southern United States tends to alter the diphthong as in eye to an somewhere between and . On the other hand, former monophthongs have become diphthongs in American English such as the in words like pin changing to in some American dialects.
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Une monophtongue (du grec μονόφθογγος, une seule voyelle), par opposition à la diphtongue est une voyelle « pure », constituée d'un seul élément vocalique. Son articulation commence et se finit au même endroit.
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Ein Monophthong (v. griech. mono „eins“ und phthóngos „Laut“) ist ein einfacher Vokal ohne Veränderung der Qualität (z. B. "u", "a") im Gegensatz zu  Diphthongen (z. B. "au", "ei"). Monophthonge können hinsichtlich ihrer Quantität (Langvokal vs. Kurzvokal) und hinsichtlich ihrer Qualität (Öffnungsgrad, Lippenrundung) unterschieden werden. Eine zweidimensionale Darstellung liefert das Vokaldreieck. Die Monophthonge sind wie alle Laute zeitlichen Veränderungen unterworfen, es kommt zum Lautwandel. Einige deutsche Monophthonge sind durch Monophthongierung aus Diphthongen entstanden; andrerseits gingen alte Monophthonge dem System durch Diphthongierung verloren.
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Monoftong (gr. mono 'jeden' i phthóngos 'dźwięk') to prosta samogłoska bez zmiany jakości (np. "u", "a") w przeciwieństwie do dyftongów (np. niemieckie "au", "ei"). Między monoftongami mogą istnieć różnice ilościowe (krótkie i długie samogłoski) i jakościowe (stopień otwarcia, zaokrąglenie warg). Dwuwymiarowego przedstawienia dostarcza trójkąt samogłosek. Monoftongi jak wszystkie dźwięki podlegają w podczas rozwoju języka różnorakim zmianom fonetycznym. Mogą powstawać w wyniku monoftongizacji z dyftongów lub znikają z systemu w wyniku dyftongizacji.
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Un monottongo (in greco μονόφθογγος, "monóphthongos", "nota singola") è una vocale realizzata con un vocoide singolo, la cui articolazione dall'inizio alla fine è stabile e non si muove verso nuove posizioni, a differenza quindi dei dittonghi.In italiano e spagnolo tutte le vocali sono realizzate con monottonghi; i dittonghi sono semplicemente incontri casuali di due vocali che possono essere pronunciati nella stessa sillaba. In inglese, ma anche in parecchi dialetti italiani, molte vocali lunghe sono in realtà pronunciate con dittonghi e i monottonghi sono quindi relegati alle vocali brevi e a qualche lunga.
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