Marx's theory of alienation (Entfremdung in
German), as expressed in the writings of
young Karl Marx, refers to the separation of things that naturally belong together, or to antagonism between things that are properly in harmony. In the concept's most important use, it refers to the of people from aspects of their "human nature" (Gattungswesen, usually translated as 'species-essence' or 'species-being'). Marx believed that alienation is a systematic result of capitalism. His theory relies on
Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity (1841), which argues that the idea of God has alienated the characteristics of the
human being.
Stirner would take the analysis further in
The Ego and Its Own (1844), declaring that even 'humanity' is an alienating ideal for the individual, to which Marx and Engels responded in
The German Ideology (1845).
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