James Prescott Joule
James Prescott Joule,
FRS (;
December 24,
1818 –
October 11,
1889) was an
English physicist, born in
Salford,
Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of
heat, and discovered its relationship to
mechanical work (see
energy). This led to the theory of
conservation of energy, which led to the development of the
first law of thermodynamics. The
SI derived unit of energy, the
joule, is named after him. He worked with
Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of
temperature, made observations on
magnetostriction, and found the relationship between the flow of
current through a resistance and the heat dissipated, now called
Joule's law. The son of Benjamin Joule (
1784–
1858), who was a wealthy brewer, Joule was tutored at home until 1834 when he was sent, with his elder brother Benjamin, to study with
John Dalton at the
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. The pair only received two years' education in
arithmetic and
geometry before Dalton was forced to retire owing to a
stroke. However, Dalton's influence made a lasting impression as did that of his associates,
chemist William Henry and Manchester engineers
Peter Ewart and
Eaton Hodgkinson. Joule was subsequently tutored by
John Davies. Joule was fascinated by
electricity. He and his brother experimented by giving electric shocks to each other and to the family's servants.
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James Prescott Joule
James Prescott Joule
James Joule
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James Prescott Joule
Biografia Joule nacque la vigilia di
Natale del 1818 a Salford, un paese nelle vicinanze di
Manchester, da una famiglia di produttori di
birra, ed ebbe tra i suoi insegnanti il
chimico John Dalton.Si dedicò sin da giovane a ricerche scientifiche che eseguiva cercando di spingere all'estremo limite l'accuratezza e la precisione delle misurazioni. Si interessò del
calore e delle sue connessioni con l'
elettricità e la
meccanica. A 25 anni effettuò il primo tentativo di definire l'unità di misura della corrente elettrica, attualmente rappresentata dall'
ampere. Nel 1841, indagando sugli effetti termici, inviò alla Royal Society un articolo in cui dimostrava che un conduttore attraversato da
corrente elettrica produce calore in quantità proporzionale alla
resistenza del conduttore e al quadrato della corrente stessa. Questo fenomeno è oggi chiamato
effetto Joule.
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