Indian mathematics—which here is the mathematics that emerged in
South Asia (known as the
Indian subcontinent) from ancient times until the end of the 18th century—had its beginnings in the
Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization (2600-1900
BCE) and the
Iron Age Vedic culture (1500-500 BCE). In the classical period of Indian mathematics (
400 CE to
1200 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like
Aryabhata,
Brahmagupta, and
Bhaskara II. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the
decimal number system,
zero,
negative numbers,
arithmetic, and
algebra. In addition,
trigonometry, having evolved in the
Hellenistic world and having been introduced into
ancient India through the translation of
Greek works, was further advanced in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of
sine and
cosine were developed there. These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the
Middle East,
China, and
Europe and led to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics.
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