Hellenistic

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Hellenistic civilization
The term Hellenistic (derived from Héllēn, the Greeks' traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of Greek culture and colonization over the non-Greek lands that were conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. The Hellenistic age marks the unification of the Greek world, sharing a common culture based on that of 5th and 4th century BC Athens, along with a fusion of Near Eastern cultures. The period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and Kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed by Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not from a specific "mother city" (metropolis) as before. The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece, to PergamonRhodes, as well as to new Greek colonies such as Antioch and Alexandria. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Hellenistic Greek, which came to absorb and replace all idioms of the Greek language. Although this era brought great cultural accomplishments through the fusion of Greek and Middle Eastern elements, to the Greeks, the Hellenistic era was considered anti-climactic since the citizen ruled entities of the classical polis had given way to dynastic god-king styled rule of Eastern Despotism. The material wealth caused by far more years of peace and stability is a testament to the importance of this period.
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Époque hellénistique
L’époque hellénistique (-), si l’on excepte les figures d’Alexandre le Grand et de Cléopâtre, est relativement méconnue. Elle est souvent considérée comme une période de transition, parfois même de déclin ou de décadence, entre l’éclat de l’époque classique grecque et la puissance de l’Empire romain. Cependant la splendeur des villes, telles AlexandrieAntiochePergame, l’importance des échanges économiques, des métissages culturels, le rôle dominant de la langue grecque et sa diffusion vont profondément modifier le visage du Moyen-Orient antique y compris plus tard sous la domination romaine.
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Hellenismus
Der Begriff Hellenismus (von griech.   „Griechentum“) bezeichnet die geschichtliche Epoche vom Regierungsantritt Alexanders des Großen von Makedonien 336 v. Chr. bis zur Einverleibung Ägyptens, des letzten hellenistischen Reiches, in das Römische Reich 30 v. Chr. Als Epochenbezeichnung verwendete den Begriff „Hellenismus“ zuerst der deutsche Historiker Johann Gustav Droysen um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Im Sinne von „Nachahmung des Griechischen“ wurde „hellenismos“ jedoch bereits in der Antike gebraucht.
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Epoka hellenistyczna
Epoka hellenistyczna - okres trzech stuleci w historii regionu Morza Śródziemnego i Bliskiego Wschodu, którego początek wyznacza zgon Aleksandra Macedońskiego w 323 roku p.n.e., a koniec podbicie Egiptu przez Rzymian w 30 roku p.n.e.. Terminu epoka hellenistyczna po raz pierwszy użył w swoich pracach na temat Aleksandra Wielkiego niemiecki historyk Johann Gustav Droysen w odniesieniu jednak do nieco szerszego okresu - od śmierci Aleksandra do IV wieku. Po śmierci Aleksandra doszło do wojen między jego dowódcami (tzw. wojny diadochów), w wyniku których powstało kilka silnych państw hellenistycznych (m.in. Macedonia, państwo Seleucydów z centrum w Mezopotamii i państwo Ptolemeuszy z centrum w Egipcie). Państwa hellenistyczne prowadziły ze sobą stałe wojny o dominację w świecie hellenistycznym. Władcy tamtego okresu dysponowali ogromnymi bogactwami, a ich dwory charakteryzowały się niespotykanym wcześniej w obszarze greckiej kultury przepychem.
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Ellenismo
Ellenismo è il termine che designa tradizionalmente il periodo storico-culturale durante il quale la civiltà greca si diffuse nel mondo mediterraneo, eurasiatico e in Oriente, fondendosi con le culture locali. Dall'unione della cultura greca con quelle dell'Asia Minore, l'Eurasia, l'Asia Centrale, la Siria, la Mesopotamia, l'Iran, l'Africa del Nord, l'India, nacque una civiltà - detta appunto ellenistica - che fu modello insuperato a livello di filosofia, economia, religione, scienza ed arte.Tale civiltà si diffuse dall'Atlantico all'Indo. La cultura di età ellenistica diede anche un notevole impulso al diritto, alla politica ed all'economia che però troveranno la loro piena realizzazione nel mondo romano. La civiltà greca - da sempre legata con quella degli altri popoli mediterranei e del Vicino Oriente - si rinnovò al contatto diretto con la varie civiltà (egizianamesopotamicairanica e di molti altri popoli) che via via - soprattutto in seguito alle conquiste di Alessandro Magno - venivano ad avere sempre più rapporti politici, economici e culturali con le città di lingua greca.
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