Hellenistic civilization
The term Hellenistic (derived from Héllēn, the
Greeks' traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the
German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of
Greek culture and
colonization over the non-Greek lands that were conquered by
Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. The Hellenistic age marks the unification of the
Greek world, sharing a common culture based on that of 5th and 4th century BC
Athens, along with a fusion of
Near Eastern cultures. The period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and Kingdoms in
Asia and
Africa. Those new cities were composed by Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not from a specific "mother city" (metropolis) as before. The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece, to
Pergamon,
Rhodes, as well as to new Greek colonies such as
Antioch and
Alexandria. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common
Attic-based dialect, known as
Hellenistic Greek, which came to absorb and replace all idioms of the
Greek language. Although this era brought great cultural accomplishments through the fusion of Greek and Middle Eastern elements, to the Greeks, the Hellenistic era was considered anti-climactic since the citizen ruled entities of the classical polis had given way to dynastic god-king styled rule of Eastern Despotism. The material wealth caused by far more years of peace and stability is a testament to the importance of this period.
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Époque hellénistique
L’époque hellénistique (-), si l’on excepte les figures d’
Alexandre le Grand et de
Cléopâtre, est relativement méconnue. Elle est souvent considérée comme une période de transition, parfois même de déclin ou de décadence, entre l’éclat de l’
époque classique grecque et la puissance de l’
Empire romain. Cependant la splendeur des villes, telles
Alexandrie,
Antioche,
Pergame, l’importance des échanges économiques, des métissages culturels, le rôle dominant de la
langue grecque et sa diffusion vont profondément modifier le visage du
Moyen-Orient antique y compris plus tard sous la domination romaine.
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Hellenismus
Epoka hellenistyczna
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Ellenismo
Ellenismo è il termine che designa tradizionalmente il periodo storico-culturale durante il quale la
civiltà greca si diffuse nel mondo mediterraneo, eurasiatico e in Oriente, fondendosi con le culture locali. Dall'unione della cultura greca con quelle dell'
Asia Minore, l'
Eurasia, l'
Asia Centrale, la
Siria, la
Mesopotamia, l'
Iran, l'
Africa del Nord, l'
India, nacque una civiltà - detta appunto ellenistica - che fu modello insuperato a livello di filosofia, economia, religione, scienza ed arte.Tale civiltà si diffuse dall'
Atlantico all'
Indo. La cultura di età ellenistica diede anche un notevole impulso al diritto, alla politica ed all'economia che però troveranno la loro piena realizzazione nel mondo romano. La
civiltà greca - da sempre legata con quella degli altri popoli
mediterranei e del
Vicino Oriente - si rinnovò al contatto diretto con la varie civiltà (
egiziana,
mesopotamica,
iranica e di molti altri popoli) che via via - soprattutto in seguito alle conquiste di
Alessandro Magno - venivano ad avere sempre più rapporti politici, economici e culturali con le città di
lingua greca.
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