A helium-neon laser, usually called a HeNe laser, is a type of small
gas laser. HeNe
lasers have many industrial and scientific uses, and are often used in
laboratory demonstrations of
optics. Its usual operation
wavelength is 632.8
nm, in the
red portion of the
visible spectrum.The
gain medium of the laser, as suggested by its name, is a mixture of
helium and
neon gases, in a 5:1 to 20:1 ratio, contained at low pressure (an average 50
Pa per cm of cavity length ) in a glass envelope. The energy or pump source of the laser is provided by an
electrical discharge of around 1000
volts through an
anode and
cathode at each end of the glass tube. A current of 5 to 100 mA is typical for CW operation.. The
optical cavity of the laser typically consists of a plane, high-reflecting
mirror at one end of the laser tube, and a concave
output coupler mirror of approximately 1% transmission at the other end.
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