In
soil science,
agriculture and
gardening, hardpan is a general term for a dense layer of
soil, residing usually below the uppermost
topsoil layer. There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to
water. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil that fuse and bind the soil particles. These deposits can range from dissolved silica to matrices formed from
iron oxides and
calcium carbonate. Others are man-made, such as hardpan formed by compaction from repeated
plowing particularly with
moldboard plows and /or heavy traffic and pollution from man made sources.
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PAN BISCOTTO. GALLETTA
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