German Revolution

The term German November Revolution covers a series of events at the end of World War One in Germany from November 1918 to March 1919 which led to the demise of the monarchy and the establishment of a parliamentary republic.The direct cause of the revolution was the policy of the Supreme Command and the decision of the Naval Command in the face of imminent defeat to deliver one last battle to the British Royal Navy. The Sailor’s Revolt which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel spread across the whole country within days and led to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II on 9. November 1918. But the roots of this revolution can be found in the social tensions of the German Empire, its backward, undemocratic constitution and the unwillingness or inability of its leaders to reform. Further reaching goals inspired by socialist ideas of the revolutionaries were foiled by the leadership of the Social Democratic Party in January 1919. Fearing an all-out civil war they, in line with the other middle-class parties, did not have in mind to completely strip the old imperial elites of their power. Instead they thought to reconcile them with the new democratic conditions. In this endeavour they sought an alliance with the Supreme Command and had the army quell the so called "Spartacist Uprising" by force.
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