The academic field of
population genetics includes several hypotheses regarding genetic diversity. The
neutral theory of evolution proposes that diversity is the result of the accumulation of neutral substitutions.
Diversifying selection is the hypothesis that two subpopulations of a species live in different environments that select for different
alleles at a particular locus. This may occur, for instance, if a species has a large range relative to the mobility of individuals within it.
Frequency-dependent selection is the hypothesis that as alleles become more common, they become less fit. This is often invoked in host-pathogen interactions, where a high frequency of a defensive allele among the host means that it is more likely that a pathogen will spread if it is able to overcome that allele.
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