Gemeinschaft (
IPA: [gə'ma͡ɪnʃaft]) and Gesellschaft are
sociological categories introduced by the
German sociologist
Ferdinand Tönnies for two
normal types of human association. (A normal type as coined by Tönnies is a purely conceptual tool to be built up logically, whereas an
ideal type, as coined by
Max Weber, is a concept formed by accentuating main elements of a historic/social change.) Tönnies' concepts of both Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, strictly separated from each other conceptually, are fully discussed in his work “Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft” (
1887), seven more German editions). Only the second edition of
1912 turned out to be a success, and the
antagonism of these two terms belonged to the general stock of concepts German pre-
1933 intellectuals were quite familiar with and quite often misunderstood.
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nf - community (pl. Gemeinschaften)d'Europäescher Gemeinschaft - the European Community
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