Liquefaction of gases includes a number of processes used to convert a
gas into a
liquid state. The processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes. Many gases can be put into a liquid state at normal
atmospheric pressure by simple cooling; a few, such as
carbon dioxide, require pressurization as well. Liquefaction is used for analyzing the fundamental properties of gas molecules (intermolecular forces), for storage of gases, for example:
LPG, and in
refrigeration and
air conditioning. There the gas is liquefied in the condenser, where the
heat of vaporization is released, and evaporated in the evaporator, where the heat of vaporization is absorbed.
Ammonia was the first such refrigerant, but it has been replaced by compounds derived from
petroleum and
halogens.
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